Trial Essay

Ladies and Gentalmen of the jury, you have heard all the evidence and now must make a decision. That decision being to let these men free because they were attacked first and were just defending their selfs. Also my client, Captain Preston, did not give that order to fire on the crowd, in fact it was a man dressed in dark colonial clothes. I'm sure that there is no doubt in your mind that these men are innocent.
I think we all know who is to blame for this, don't we. This was the fault of the mob who was throwing clubs and icy balls of snow at the men of Captain Preston. This decision should be easy, let these men free to go home to their families.
These men, all of them, should be let go without punishment. These men did nothing but defended theirselfs against a mob, who by the way were yelling fire at the soldiers. This was no way the faults of any of the soldiers esspecially Captain Preston. There is no more need for blood shed, we've already lost 5 people to this tradgic event.

History Notes(Quarter 3)

Revolution and War

1763-1789

Revolution Notes

1763—Proclamation Act

1764—Grenville Acts (direct tax)

Sugar (molasses, wine)
Stamp
Quartering
Currency
Virtual/ Direct Representation

1765—Stamp Act Congress

Sons of Liberty
Samuel Adams
Paul Revere
John Hancock
Propaganda
Boycotts
Lobsters (Lobster-backs, Thomas Lobster)

1766—Declaratory Act

1767—Townsend Acts (indirect tax)

Charles Townsend
Writs of Assistance (search warrants)
Revenue used to pay Royal officials in the colonies
Tea Act (glass, paper, paint) support British East India Company

1770—Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770
Local reaction (primarily)
5 dead colonists
John Adams defends British soldiers/5 exonerated-2 convicted
Convicted men discharged and thumbs branded

1773—Boston Tea Party

November 30, 1773--Dartmouth sails into Boston Harbor
December 16, 1773--Tea dumped into harbor
340 chests of tea dumped (value of 10,000 British pounds)

1774—Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts in Britain)

Close the port of Boston
Shut down Provincial and Town Governments
All offices appointed
Named General Thomas Gage as Governor
Gave all western lands north of the Ohio R. to Quebec, allowed Catholic Church to practice

1774—1st Continental Congress

September to October (7 weeks)
Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia
New England—John Adams, Paul Revere, Silas Deane
Virginia—George Washington, Patrick Henry, Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee
Pennsylvania—John Dickenson, Joseph Galloway (Plan for American council under Parliament, to avoid war)
New York—John Jay, James Duane
Maryland—Samuel Chase (future Supreme Court Justice), Charles Carroll (richest man in Maryland, Catholic)
Declaration of Rights—rejects Parliamentary authority over internal colonial affairs, colonies manage own defense, united aid to Boston if Intolerable Acts continue, absolute boycott of British goods to be enforced rigidly

1775— January

William Pitt urges Parliament to withdraw troops from America because the idea of managing the colonies through force was “too ridiculous to take up a moment of your lordships’ time”

1775—April 19 Lexington and Concord

Gen. Gage sends 700 men to Concord to seize the powder supplies
Paul Revere and William Dawes raise alarm the night before
Town of Lexington is on the way to Concord
Minutemen are assembled on the town common
“Shot heard round the world”
18 colonials killed and the rest run away
British march on to Concord and find the munitions were moved overnight
Minutemen ambush the British the whole way back to Boston
430 Redcoats make it back to Boston
30,000 Colonists surround Boston

1775—May

Gen. Howe, Gen. Clinton, Gen. Burgoyne
5,000 British troops
Ethan Allen, “Green Mountain Boys” seize Fort Ticonderoga
Henry Knox uses canon to lay siege on Boston
Benedict Arnold (Connecticut) takes Fort Crown Point to impede an invasion from Canada

1775—May 10, 2nd Continental Congress

Sam Adams pushes for Independence
John Dickenson (Penn.) urges restraint
Agree to form Colonial Army
Delegates unanimously agree to Washington as Commander of Continental Army (John Adams suggestion)

1775—June 17, “Battle of Bunker Hill”

Actually fought on Breed’s Hill
Gen. Howe leads assault without canon support (his canon had been matched with wrong-sized cannonballs [Amherst at Ticonderoga])
Militia waited to within 30 yards (some say 15 yards)
Militia target British officers
Militia ran extremely low on ammunition
On the third assault, led by Gen. Howe, British troops overtake the colonial position
Britain losses almost 1000 men (about half the attacking force)
Colonials lose about 500 men

1776—January, Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine
120,000 copies sold in three months

1776—March

Gen. William Howe evacuates Boston
July 2, lands in Staten Island, New York (Loyalist base)

1776—Declaration of Independence

June 7, Richard Henry Lee (Virginia) introduces legislation to declare independence from Britain
Before voting on Lee’s proposal Congress appoints five-man committee to draft a formal Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson, 33, does most of the writing)
June 28, Declaration presented to Congress
July 2, Congress approves Lee’s legislation to declare the United States of America independent of Great Britain
July 4, Congress officially adopts the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration intended to:
Undermine loyalty to King George III
Outline basic principles of representative government
Establish the “right” of rebellion
War

1776—August, Brooklyn Heights, New York

Largest Naval group Britain will launch until the 20th century
British victory, city falls to England
As winter came “sunshine patriots” left the American Army
Initial colonial enlistments due to expire
1776—December, Battle of Trenton
Howe believes war almost won
1,400 Hessians stationed at Trenton
Colonel Rall (Hessian) builds no fortifications
Washington “Crosses the Delaware” Christmas night
2,500 men; 18 artillery guns
Surprise attack at dawn
106 Hessians killed, 918 captured
No colonial casualties
Washington retreats in secret to avoid Gen. Cornwallis counter-attack

1777—January, Princeton

Washington ambushes British troops
Colonial victory establishes this will not be a quick war for Britain

1777—September-October, Saratoga

Gen. Burgoyne plans a three-prong attack on colonials at Albany
Plan does not consider the terrain, forcing British troops to march through swamps, lakes, hills and forests full of rebels
Two of the three “prongs” never arrive (Howe goes to Philadelphia instead, St. Leger retreats to New York afraid of Benedict Arnold)
Sept. Burgoyne crosses Hudson River
Oct. 17, Burgoyne surrenders
Establishes American Army as real threat
Helps secure open French Alliance
Turning Point of the War

1777-1778—Winter at Valley Forge

Under-funded troops
Low morale
10,000+ troops
4,000 troops listed as “unfit for duty” due to poor supplies (boots, blankets, coats, etc.)
2,500 troops die of disease (typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery, pneumonia)
George Washington mentioned a lack of shoes so severe that the men's "marches might be tracked by the blood from their feet”
Local farmers would sell produce to Brits who could pay cash

1779—February, Vincennes

1780—August, Camden

1780—October, Kings Mountain

1781—October, Yorktown

British Gen. Cornwallis
American Gen. Washington (also “Mad” Anthony Wayne, Baron von Steuben)
French Gen. Rochambeau (also Marquis de Lafayette)
Essentially a French Naval victory
Last significant battle of the war

1783—Sept. 3, Treaty of Paris

Britain recognizes American independence
America gets all land from Atlantic coast to Miss. River, Great Lakes to Florida
Fishing rights to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and off the coast of Newfoundland
America must pay debts to Britain
American congress would “earnestly recommend” all Loyalist property returned (States ignore this request)

Reponse to Literature

Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1946. This book is about animals who take over a farm. At first they do well but then they start to go down hill. The theme is that not everyone can be equal. Communism is a government system that will always fail.

The theme of Animal Farm is that all people cannot be equal. In the book, all the animals are supposed to be equal but the pigs and dogs were the only animals allowed to sleep in the house. Also the sheep were called dumb and looked down on. The dogs that protected Napolean got special treatment like like they were allowed to eat meat. This shows that there can't be all around equality.

Throughout history there has never been a time where everyone was equal. For example, After the Russian revolution, a small group of people came to power even though the governments foundation said that everyone is equal. A related revolution was the Chinese Revolution which for the most part was the same as the Russian Revolution. Also in the French Revolution the french people tried to become equal with the nobles, but it just didn't happen. This shows that there has never been universal equality.

This books theme is that not everyone can be equal. The book show that all around equality is impossible. Examples in history show that there has never been universal equality. This book was very effective in conveying the theme using the slow rise of the pigs to absolute power. The best reason for understanding this theme is that Commuinism cannot work.

Book Portfolio Outline

I. Introduction
A. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1946.
B. This book is about animals who take over a farm. At first they do well but then they start to go down hill.
C. The theme is that not everyone can be equal.
D. Communism is a government system that will always fail.

II. Theme of Book
A. The theme of Animal Farm is that all people cannot be equal.
B. In the book, all the animals are supposed to be equal but the pigs and dogs were the only animals allowed to sleep in the house.
C. Also the sheep were called dumb and looked down on.
D. The dogs that protected Napolean got special treatment like like they were allowed to eat meat.
E. This shows that there can't be all around equality.

III. Theme in History
A. Throughout history there has never been a time where everyone was equal.
B. For example, After the Russian revolution, a small group of people came to power even though the governments foundation said that everyone is equal.
C. A related revolution was the Chinese Revolution which for the most part was the same as the Russian Revolution.
D. Also in the French Revolution the french people tried to become equal with the nobles, but it just didn't happen.
E. This shows that there has never been universal equality.

IV. Conclusion
A. This books theme is that not everyone can be equal.
B. The book show that all around equality is impossible.
C. Examples in history show that there has never been universal equality.
D. This book was very effective in conveying the theme using the slow rise of the pigs to absolute power.
E. The best reason for understanding this theme is that Commuinism cannot work.

Essay Test

The founding of English colonies in modern Massachusetts combined a strange mix of idealism and violence. Miles Standish contributed important protection to the early colonies by using violence. Benjamin Church provided vital leadership to protect the colonies during King Philip's War. Despite all of this violence, the colonies were also founded on religious idealism. It is important to understand the full history of these areas because this is what Americans generally consider to be our nation's beginning.

Miles Standish contributed important protection to the early colonies by using violence. One time he chased some indians into the wall of their wigwom because he thought they were conspiring againest the pilgrams. Another act of violence was when he stabbed an indian with his own knief. Again his reason was he thought the indian was conspiring against the pilgram. He also ran a man off because the indians liked him more than they liked the pilgrams. This shows that the pilgrams use alot of violence.

Chruch used his miltary intellgences and leadership to win the King Phillip war. In a battle right before the King Phillip war, Church had 400 men shooting at his 20 men and got out of this fight without a scratch. The last battle of King Phillip's war Chruch knew king Phillip would run so he had men waiting in the swamps, the most likely way he would run. When he did run Chruchs men killed him and cut him up. After the battle Chruch goes to the camp of King Phillip. He walked his men in a straight line behind two indian men. Then when he gets close enough he grabs the new leaders daughter and then the new leader gives up. This shows the military genius of Chruch.

Despite all the violence the colonies were also founded on idealism. The Pilgrams came here on the dream of being free of religious shackles. They also believed that hard work and good faith would start a good America. The first leader of Plymouth said " We will be a city on a hill " which meant the whole world would be watching. This shows how idealism were along with violence to start the colony.

The colonies were founded on idealism but violence as well. Miles Standish's use of violence and fear might have been the key that kept Plymouth alive. Chruch was a good leader and his miltary genius carried the pilgrams through King Phillip's war. The violence was only protection so the idealism could be obtained. These stories are important so we could know the truth about our history.

Test Outline

I. Introduction
A. The founding of English colonies in modern Massachusetts combined a strange mix of idealism and violence.
B. Miles Standish contributed important protection to the early colonies by using violence.
C. Benjamin Church provided vital leadership to protect the colonies during King Philip's War.
D. Despite all of this violence, the colonies were also founded on religious idealism.
E. It is important to understand the full history of these areas because this is what Americans generally consider to be our nation's beginning.

II. First Major Point
A. Miles Standish contributed important protection to the early colonies by using violence.
B. One time he chased some indians into the wall of their wigwom because he thought they were conspiring againest the pilgrams.
C. Another act of violence was when he stabbed an indian with his own knief. Again his reason was he thought the indian was conspiring against the pilgram.
D. He also ran a man off because the indians liked him more than they liked the pilgrams.
E. This shows that the pilgrams use alot of violence.

III. Second Major Point
A. Chruch used his miltary intellgences and leadership to win the King Phillip war.
B. In a battle right before the King Phillip war, Church had 400 men shooting at his 20 men and got out of this fight without a scratch.
C. The last battle of King Phillip's war Chruch knew king Phillip would run so he had men waiting in the swamps, the most likely way he would run. When he did run Chruchs men killed him and cut him up.
D. After the battle Chruch goes to the camp of King Phillip. He walked his men in a straight line behind two indian men. Then when he gets close enough he grabs the new leaders daughter and then the new leader gives up.
E. This shows the military genius of Chruch.

IV. Third Major Point
A. Despite all the violence the colonies were also founded on idealism.
B. The Pilgrams came here on the dream of being free of religious shackles.
C. They also believed that hard work and good faith would start a good America.
D. The first leader of Plymouth said " We will be a city on a hill " which meant the whole world would be watching.
E. This shows how idealism were along with violence to start the colony.

V. Conclusion
A. The were founded on idealism but violence as well.
B. Miles Standish's use of violence and fear might have been the key that kept Plymouth alive.
C. Chruch was a good leader and his miltary genius carried the pilgrams through King Phillip's war.
D. The violence was only protection so the idealism could be obtained.
E. These stories are important so we could know the truth about our history.

They are gentle, loving, faithful, lacking in all guile and trickery. The words denoting lying, deceit, greed, envy, slander, and forgiveness have never been heard. They have no jealousy, no sense of possession.--John Smith (character)

We shall make a new start. A fresh beginning. Here the blessings of the earth are bestowed upon all. None need grow poor. Here there is good ground for all, and no cost but one's labor. We shall build a true common wealth, hard work and self reliance our virtues. We shall have no landlords to rack us with high rents or extort the fruit of our labor. --John Smith (character)